Thursday, October 31, 2019
Contemporary Issues Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Contemporary Issues Portfolio - Essay Example Some recently published organisational studies and other market research surveys also justify the promotion of ethics and social responsibility in business. In order for promoting ethics and social responsibility in the organisational environment, today most of the companies perform community based services and publish a corporate sustainability report periodically. These concepts are of greater importance in online business sector too. This paper will analyse the contemporary ethical and social responsibility challenges Facebook is facing and how the organisation is addresses those problems. Managing ethics and social responsibility Business ethics and social responsibility are two broad and interconnected terms which play a significant role in determining the level of reputation of an organisation. The concept of business ethics represents a set of principles and standards that make an organisation’s business conducts acceptable to its different groups of stakeholders. †Å"Business ethics is defined as rules of business conduct by which the rightness/proprietary of the business operations/activities may be assessed or judged†(Prasad 2005, p.426). ... In a business context, stakeholder groups including customers, government, competitors, general public, and other interest groups determine the acceptability of behaviour. The collapse of Enron, one of the biggest ethical disasters in the 21st century, is a good example of how unethical business practices may affect an organisation (Trevino & Nelson 2010, p.3). Ken Lay and Jeff Skilling, the former CEO’s of Enron, intentionally tried to deceive the firm’s stakeholders by hiding the actual state of financial affairs of the company. Evidently, it is necessary to promote and manage business ethics in an organisational environment. For this purpose, primarily the management should foster ethical behaviour among its employees. Setting business goals and periodical performance appraisal are effective strategies to manage business ethics successfully. Another important thing is that the organisation has to develop well defined codes of business ethics and decision rules. In th e area of online business, managing business ethics is becoming a complex task because internet based illegal and unethical practices like password theft are increasing each day. Therefore, online marketers have to give specific focus to the promotion of business ethics. Social responsibility is an ethical ideology that obliges business organisations to make notable contributions to the overall welfare of the society rather than focusing only on profit maximisation efforts. â€Å"Social responsibility is a management philosophy that includes contributing resources to the community, preserving the natural environment, and developing or participating in non-profit programmes designed to promote the
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Venue and Destination Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words
Venue and Destination Management - Coursework Example This paper will try to analyse in depth the marketing plan and marketing communication techniques of a destination marketing organisation (DMO) focused on the conference / convention market – specifically – the Louisville Marketing Plan 2011-12. Destination marketing is a strategic approach towards building or continuing brand awareness of a certain locality to increase visitor traffic. It is focused on the visitor as it employs economic and cultural approaches to balance expectations of visitors with their experience from service providers and the community. Thus, it involves strengthening the capacity of a community or a locality / region in order to meet marketplace supply and demand, benefit on opportunities, as well as sustain vitality (Martin, 2002). e. Unique or boutique destination which may be a typical and local destination with a special appeal such as â€Å"best known†(DMAI, 2012) for something locally produced – like cuisine, fashion, furniture, jewelleries, amongst others. The destination marketing organisation (DMO) is therefore tasked at promoting a town, a city, region, or country with the aim to increase visitors. It engages in coordinated effort on promotion and development of convention sales, tourism marketing and services in the area (Clark, 2006; Ford and Peeper, 2008). Aside from the DMO, the components that contribute to the performance and output of destination marketing efforts are local and private sector actors, regional, national and international actors. From the local actors are the public sector, political leaders and managers, urban planners, business developers, tourist/public information bureaus, and managers of infrastructure that includes education, health, transportation and sanitation. Under the private sector group are businesses, real estate developers, financial institutions, gas and
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) Robert Konstandelos Operation A sample is made to oscillate using a vibrational unit extended on a rod. The sample is placed between two electromagnetic pieces which are used as the applied field for this this experiment. With the sample oscillating induces a voltage between the search coils which creates a signal to determine the magnetic properties of the sample. Reference coils are used to create a reference signal such that noise generated from the signal can be filtered using a lock-in amplifier [1]. Because the signal and the reference signal are directly related through its voltage and amplitude means that precise measurements can be recorded using a voltmeter. Calibration methods are important to determine the relation between the voltages induced by the magnetic field and the sample and their magnetic properties. Calibrating the applied field is done by increasing the voltage in steps measuring the field until reaching a maximum. The system is calibrated using a nickel standard normally as a number of vo lts per unit of magnetic moment. Many materials such as types of barium ferrite or alnico materials can be placed inside to determine properties. These properties include remanence, coercivity, intrinsic coercivity and operating points once the system has been calibrated. Advantages and Disadvantages in terms of experimental facets The key advantage is the precision and accuracy of VSMs. Taking measurements at a range of angles once detection arrangements for the coils have been devised can be done. The advantage of sample vibration perpendicularly to the applied field can be found once the detection coils have been arranged appropriately. This means that there is the ability to test the sample at different angles. The positioning of the coils are done in a way to reduce the effects of sample position variation and external field variation- essentially deep into the applied field shown in figure 1. Disadvantages are that they are not well suited for determining the magnetisation loop or the hysteresis curve due to the demagnetising effects of the sample. Another problem is that, particularly for the VSM used in the third year laboratory is that temperature dependence cannot be controlled. Figure 1. A schematic layout of the VSM 2. B-H Hysteresis Loop Tracer Operation The B-H hysteresis loop tracer is essentially two coils, one with a sample and the other which is empty for comparison. The insertion of a sample into the pickup coils causes a voltage proportional to the rate of change of the vector field to occur across the difference amplifier. After passing through an integrator, a voltage proportional to the intrinsic induction is passed to the Y-amp of the oscilloscope. This voltage combined with an X-voltage representing the magnetising field generated from the solenoid without the sample results in the generation of a hysteresis loop on the oscilloscope. Calibration is through a balance and phase adjustment to establish a trace on the oscilloscope. They are done to make sure that the magnetising field is linear and that every vector corresponds to the applied field. Measurements for the magnetic properties can then be made. Advantages and disadvantages in terms of experimental facets The coils have the ability to heat the sample such that temperature variance can be observed in the way that the material behaves when influenced by a magnetic field. On the other hand, this could cause overheating of the system which could result in a failure. Using a BH-looper can give the user a more improved visualisation compared to a VSM of the way a material behaves. The values plotted on the scope are only proportional to the absolute values, therefore display yields qualitative not quantitative information about a material magnetic properties. The precision is generally low compared to a VSM. Because a hysteresis loop is viewed using an oscilloscope means that observations of whether the material is a soft or hard magnetic material. And this is why it is used in quality control testing industries like the control of ferromagnetic oxides in a magnetic tape factory. Figure 2. A schematic layout of a BH loop tracer [2]. 3(I) Difference between concepts of Vector Field B, Magnetisation M and the magnetising field H The vector field B represents the magnetic induction. Magnetisation M is the magnetic moment per unit volume of a solid. Magnetising H field is the magnetic field strength. These three quantities are related by the equation. With ÃŽ ¼0 being the permittivity of free space. To show the difference between these quantities, hysteresis loops for a magnetic material shown in figure 4 are used. One of the key differences shown is that the magnetisation saturates whereas the B field increases at a constant rate for certain values for H. The magnetisation is generated by the spin and the orbital angular momentum of electrons in the solid. H is generated outside the material by electrical currents[3]. Therefore, from the equation above, the B field is the combination of H and M which shows the difference between the quantities with the inclusion of the permittivity of free space. A way to show the difference between the 3 parameters is through the representation of a bar magnet in a magnetic field shown in figure 3. Unfortunately, due to the age of the diagram, the labels are a bit old. Hence the ‘True’ field denotes the vector field B and the Applied field represents the magnetisation M. However, the arrows represent the direction and strength of each parameter. It is clear from figure 3 that the Magnetisation is much stronger than the demagnetising field. Figure 3 An example of a magnet being demagnetised in an applied field From figure 4, the two sketches representing of B and M against H can give an understanding of other magnetic properties of the material. The curve on the left can show the saturation of the magnetic material as well as the remanence Mr the remaining magnetisation after the applied field has been turned off. The right hand diagram can show the remanent induction Br and the saturation point of the applied field. In terms of the difference between the parameters, M, B and H, they yield different properties of the material in question. Figure 4 Hysteresis loops showing (a) M and (b) B field against H 3(II) The difference between the susceptibility and relative permeability The relative permeability ÃŽ ¼r and susceptibility Ç are very closely related as shown by the equation below: The relative permeability represents a characterisation of magnetic materials. Paramagnetic or diamagnetic materials have permeabilities close to the permeability of free space. However for ferromagnetic materials, the permeability is large in comparison. It represents a multiplication factor. For example, the use of an iron core with a relative permeability is 200 times greater than just an air coil used. So this is a measure of the actual magnetic field within a ferromagnetic material. Susceptibility is a measure to an extent to which a material may be magnetised in a magnetic field. It represents a ratio of how much a material is magnetised compared to the applied field on that material [4]. So the susceptibility specifies how much the relative permeability differs from one as shown in the equation above. References [1] Foner S 1959 Versatile and Sensitive Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer* Rev. Sci. Instrum. 30 548–57 [2] Howling D H 1956 Simple 60-cps Hysteresis Loop Tracer for Magnetic Materials of High or Low Permeability Rev. Sci. Instrum. 27 952 [3] Jiles D 1990 Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (Chapman and Hall) [4] Magnetic Susceptibilty http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357313/magnetic-susceptibility
Friday, October 25, 2019
Freezing Point Of Naphthalene :: essays research papers
Freezing Point of Naphthalene I.     Purpose      To determine the freezing point of a known substance, naphthalene II.     Materials      ringstand                    gas source      test tube                    test tube clamps thermometer naphthalene Bunsen burner goggles      hose                         stopwatch III.     Procedure      1.     Assemble the Bunsen burner, attaching one end of the hose to the burner and the           other to a gas source.      2.     Assemble the ring stand so that a ring clamp is attached to the stand holding the           test tube that will be used in the experiment.      3.     Fill the test tube to approximately 1/8 capacity with naphthalene crystals.      4.      Place the thermometer in the crystals so that it is surrounded by the naphthalene           powder but not touching the sides or bottom of the test tube. Use a clamp to hold           the thermometer in place.      5.      Ignite the Bunsen burner and using direct heat melt the naphthalene powder until           it completely turns to a liquid. When the temperature reaches approximately 90o           Celsius, stop heating.      6.     Observe the change in temperature from 90o to 70o Celsius, recording the           temperature at regular intervals, preferably 15 seconds. This data will be used to           make a chart later.      7.     Once the temperature has fallen to 70o, melt the naphthalene which is now           frozen      to remove the thermometer. Properly dispose of the naphthalene liquid as           instructed by the teacher. IV.     Data      Time Elapsed          Temperature of Naphthalene          Time      Temperature      Initial (0:00)          100oC                         7:00      78.5oC      0:30               97.5oC                         7:15      78.3oC      1:00               93.0oC                         7:30      78.3oC      1:30               89.5oC                         7:45      79.0oC      2:00               86.1oC                         8:00      79.0oC      2:30               84.6oC                         8:15      79.0oC      2:45               82.3oC                         8:30      79.0oC      3:00               81.2oC                         8:45      79.0oC      3:15               81.0oC                         9:00      79.0oC      3:30               80.5oC                         9:15      78.5oC      3:45               80.2oC                         9:30      78.1oC      4:00               80.0oC                         9:45      78.0oC      4:15               79.9oC                         10:00      78.0oC      4:30               79.8oC                         10:15      77.5oC      4:45               79.4oC                         10:30      77.0oC      5:00               79.1oC                         10:45      76.5oC      5:15               79.1oC                         11:00      76.0oC      5:30               79.0oC                         11:15      75.2oC      5:45               78.9oC                         11:30      73.8oC      6:00               78.8oC                         11:45      73.0oC      6:25               78.8oC                         12:00      72.1oC      6:30               78.7oC                         12:15      71.1oC      6:45               78.6oC                         12:30      70.3oC V.     Graph      (See following pages) VI.     Calculations      Using 80.1 oC as the theoretical value for the freezing point of naphthalene, we can now      determine percent error.      Percent Error = ((Theoretical - Experimental) / Theoretical) x 100      Percent Error = ((80.1 oC - 79.0 oC) / 80.1oC) x 100      Percent Error = 1.4% VII.     Conclusions      In this lab, we heated the known substance naphthalene in a test tube to approximately 100oC and observed its temperature while it cooled to approximately 70oC. Over a time period of 12 minutes and 30 seconds, we recorded the temperature at regular 15 second intervals, and, with this data, constructed a chart showing the general curve. Upon inspection of the graph and our data chart, we found the experimental freezing point of naphthalene to be around 79oC.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Compare and Contrast Essay
When comparing and contrasting the poem â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl†by Patricia Smith with the short story â€Å"Country Lovers†By Nadine Gordimer. The character in â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl†is based more upon recent time while â€Å"Country Lovers†is based in a older time frame. However, both stories are uniquely about wanting to be loved. The poem and the short story are both great examples of the difficulty of life between two different ethnic backgrounds. While one concentrates more on tragedy the other is faced more with acceptance that leads to tragedy. Love although can’t be explained, has many explanations to how one can love. Whether your love goes as deep as loving through tragic times or looking for someone to love you at all times. Both of these stories focus on issues of racism, inner struggles, slavery, prejudice, and the pursuit of freedom as well as equality. At the end, everyone wants and needs to be accepted and will do whatever it takes. The poem â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl†details the struggles of what African American women go through just to be noticed. The poem breaks down how it is okay to be â€Å"Black†yet look â€Å"White†because that’s the look men want. In the poem the character addresses the issues about how African American women would spend countless hours in changing their appearance just to be accepted and loved by thee. â€Å"First of all, it’s being 9 years old and feeling like you’re not finished, like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong,†(Clugston. 2010). She goes in further detail describing how she hides her natural look because she accepted that her natural look isn’t what society has pinned as natural or beautiful. So she adds blonde hair to her head and changes her eye color to look more like a â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†. â€Å"It’s popping a bleached white mophead over the kinks of your hair and primping in front of mirrors that deny your reflection. †(Clugston. 2010). From any other perspective the struggles of African Americans may not be fully understood. In the poem â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl†she explains within a couple sentences the struggles of not being accepted in your own skin. It’s as if she has accepted what she must do in order to be noticed or to be loved. All she wants is to be loved by a great man no matter the ethnicity however she believes she must change her appearance in order to be noticed by such man. â€Å"It’s finally having a man reach out for you then caving in around his fingers†(Clugston. 2010). In comparison â€Å"Country Lovers†tells a story of a young white boy who befriends the daughter of a black help on his parents farm. The two become close friends as their likes for each other develop and bring tragedy. The boy had a reputation of flaunting and flirting however the young girl felt she was different from the rest of the girls. Nadine Gordimer writes, â€Å"When he had even met one who, at a wedding he had attended with his parents on a nearby farm, had let him do with her in a locked storeroom what people did when they made loveâ€â€when he was as far from his childhood as all this, he still brought home from a shop in town a red plastic belt and gilt hoop ear–rings for the black girl, Thebedi†(Clugston. 2010). Sadly the young girl never realized the gifts were not from love but just another gift to keep quite. As time past the boy grew older and never noticed what he was doing to the young girls heart. Gordimer writes, â€Å"The trouble was Paulus Eysendyck did not seem to realize that Thebedi was now simply one of the crowd of farm children down at the kraal, recognizable in his sister’s old clothes†(Clugston. 2010). This would play a huge part in what brought the tragic ending to the story. Thebedi ended up finding another young man, Njabulo whom she would marry. Njabulo was the child of farmer as well however he was black. He was much like her father which made it easier for the father to accept their marriage. Typically the son in law would have something to offer the family in trade for the daughter however this young man had nothing to show. Her father liked this young man so much to the point he accepted the marriage even without a trade off. â€Å"Njabulo’s parents met with hers and the money he was to pay in place of the cows it is customary to give a prospective bride’s parents was settled upon. He had no cows to offer; he was a labourer on the Eysendyck farm, like her father†(Clugston. 2010). Love although can’t be explained, has many explanations to how one can love. Whether your love goes as deep as loving through tragic times or looking for someone to love you at all times. Both of these stories focus on issues of racism, inner struggles, slavery, prejudice, and the pursuit of freedom as well as equality. At the end, everyone wants and needs to be accepted and will do whatever it takes.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Paragraphs Essay
Paragraph 1 A good introductory paragraph. This summarizes the next couple of paragraphs and also has a certain intriguing appeal – it arouses the reader’s curiosity and impels him to read further. The first sentence, however, could easily have been dropped – the second sentence would make a more compelling introduction to the essay. Paragraph 2 Here the writer develops on the thread of diversity. Note that there is an emphasis on aspects that are important to an MBA course (strong analytical skills, math skills, work experience). The writer shows effectively that she has not been ‘wasting her time’ – besides earning a degree, she has earned valuable work experience and done something for the environment. Volunteer work is a strong advantage while applying to an MBA course – universities love people with a social conscience! (To a lesser degree, this is true if you’re applying to other graduate courses as well, as long as you show that your primary interest, now and in the future, is in the field you are applying to). At the same time, it is important that this experience appears genuine – so before making tall claims, make sure that you can substantiate them, preferably by actually doing some volunteer / social work. The last sentence ties the paragraph together. The argu ment ‘my experiences have shaped me’ is invaluable IF you have strong or unusual life experiences and in some cases can also partially compensate for an average or below-average academic record. Paragraph 3 We come to a shift in focus with this paragraph. The writer wraps up the ‘diversity’ thread well. Saying that she has a diversity of experience to offer, ‘among other things’, is a good idea – it implies that there is much more to her, qualities and assets that could not be described here because of space limitations It might have been a better idea to begin the next topic – ‘most important achievement’ in a new paragraph. The abrupt change of subject has a slightly disconcerting effect here. Paragraph 4 While this paragraph is ostensibly an introduction to the problem handled by the writer, it also makes two points, subtly – 1) she had been working in the family firm on a continuous basis and kept her eyes open to spot an area of improvement, 2) she is familiar with popular software packages and very comfortable with a PC. Paragraph 5 The first sentence risks sounding slightly pompous, but the writer’s earnestness comes through after reading the paragraph as a whole. Paragraph 6 Comes across as systematic, organized and thorough. Good qualities for any graduate applicant. Paragraph 7 This paragraph shows considerable maturity and learning from the event. A problem is not solved when you have a solution for it – implementing the solution is usually the biggest hurdle. Also, she realizes that company-wide changes rarely yield instant results, and must be followed up over a period of time to evaluate their effects. The last two sentences show that this project also had an effect on the company management’s thinking. Paragraph 8 Reflective paragraph on what she has gained from the project. She certainly seems to have been the driving force behind the project and it’s an impressive achievement. It might have been a good idea, though, to put in a line or two about how she learned to co-ordinate between various entities to get her job done. Good ending paragraph. Summary This is a mature, well-written application essay. Some of the ideas here are gold mines for other essays – describing how she founding and helping run FOE could be a whole essay by itself, and can be used to show how she used leadership and team skills (see Essay 5 – coming soon). Her experience in assisting in the implementation of an ERP system can also be used as an example of team skills and project management skills. MBA applicants have to write a number of essays for each school. It helps to have a bank of experiences to draw on. Writing a series of essays also means that you can afford to have a limited scope for each essay, and go a little deeper. We do feel, however, that this essay was a tad too limited on the ‘candid description’ of the writer. Diversity of experiences is an excellent point to make, but one more paragraph on other aspects of the writer’s personality would have strengthened the essay. Each application essay should answer the question asked in full. Note, however, that this writer says nothing about any liabilities that might influence graduate work. We have a tricky issue here – must you mention some liabilities just because the question asks for them? Here the writer chooses to ignore them and concentrates on qualities that will be an asset for graduate work. It might have paid off in this case because the essay basically asks, ‘How well are you suited for graduate work’. In an essay question of the type, ‘Discuss your strengths and weaknesses’ such a strategy would not work. Nevertheless, it’s a tough choice to make
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
10 Facts About Carbon
10 Facts About Carbon One of the most important elements for all living things is carbon. Carbon is the element with atomic number 6 and element symbol C. Here are 10 interesting carbon facts for you: Carbon is the basis for organic chemistry, as it occurs in all living organisms. The simplest organic molecules consist of carbon chemically bonded to hydrogen. Many other common organics also include oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.Carbon is a nonmetal that can bond with itself and many other chemical elements, forming over ten million compounds. Because it forms more compounds than any other element, it is sometimes called the King of the Elements.Elemental carbon can take the form of one of the hardest substances (diamond) or one of the softest (graphite).Carbon is made in the interiors of stars, although it was not produced in the Big Bang. Carbon is made in giant and supergiant stars via the triple-alpha process. In this process, three helium nuclei fuse. When a massive star turns into a supernova, carbon scatters and can be incorporated into next-generation stars and planets.Carbon compounds have limitless uses. In its elemental form, diamond is a gemstone and used for drilling/cutting; graphite is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and to protect against rust; while charcoal is used to remove toxins, tastes, and odors. The isotope Carbon-14 is used in radiocarbon dating. Carbon has the highest melting/sublimation point of the elements. The melting point of diamond is ~3550 °C, with the sublimation point of carbon around 3800 °C. If you baked a diamond in an oven or cooked it in a frying pan, it would survive unscathed.Pure carbon exists free in nature and has been known since prehistoric time. While most elements known since ancient time only exist in one allotrope, pure carbon forms graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon (soot). The forms look very different from each other and display dissimilar properties. For example, graphite is an electrical conductor while diamond is an insulator. Other forms of carbon include fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanofoam, glassy carbon, and Q-carbon (which is magnetic and fluorescent).The origin of the name carbon comes from the Latin word carbo, for charcoal. The German and French words for charcoal are similar.Pure carbon is considered non-toxic, although inhalation of fine particles, such as soot, can damage lung tissue. Graphite and charcoal are considered safe enough to eat. While non-toxic to humans, carbon nanoparticles are deadly to fruit flies. Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe (hydrogen, helium, and oxygen are found in higher amounts, by mass). It is the 15th most abundant element in the Earths crust. More Carbon Facts Carbon usually has a valence of 4, which means each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with four other atoms. The 2 oxidation state is also seen in compounds such as carbon monoxide.Three isotopes of carbon occur naturally. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are stable, while carbon-14 is radioactive, with a half-life of around 5730 years. Carbon-14 is formed in the upper atmosphere when cosmic rays interact with nitrogen. While carbon-14 occurs in the atmosphere and living organisms, it is almost completely absent from rocks. There are 15 known carbon isotopes.Inorganic carbon sources include carbon dioxide, limestone, and dolomite. Organic sources include coal, oil, peat, and methane clathrates.Carbon black was the first pigment used for tattooing. Ãâ€"tzi the Iceman has carbon tattoos that endured through his life and are still visible 5200 years later.The amount of carbon on Earth is fairly constant. It is transformed from one form to another via the carbon cycle. In the carbon cycle, pho tosynthetic plants take carbon from air or seawater and convert it into glucose and other organic compounds via the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. Animals eat some of the biomass and exhale carbon dioxide, returning carbon to the atmosphere. Sources Deming, Anna (2010). King of the elements?. Nanotechnology. 21 (30): 300201. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/30/300201Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.Smith, T. M.; Cramer, W. P.; Dixon, R. K.; Leemans, R.; Neilson, R. P.; Solomon, A. M. (1993). The global terrestrial carbon cycle. Water, Air, Soil Pollution. 70: 19–37. doi:10.1007/BF01104986Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Battle of Gettysburg essays
Battle of Gettysburg essays The American people in 1860 believed they were the luckiest people alive in all the world. This was before the start of what some believe as the first real civil war. (Catton 108). The battle, demonstrating as it did the effectiveness of the Confederate army, changed the status of the conflict from a rebellion to a civil war. Six hundred thousand young Americans, alive when 1860 ended, would all of the explosion in the next four years. The Confederates had won the war, but their efforts, Jackson complained, left them more disorganized by victory than [the Union army was] by defeat. (Starr 103). One major battle that led to Gettysburg and the Confederate defeat was the battle of Bull Run. The battle took place on July 21, 1961, and was to be the day bearing the fate of the newborn confederacy. (Beauregard). The battle of Bull Run was fought in Virginia, near the Manassas, Virginia railway junction, after which the battle is called (or First Bull Run, named after the flowing stream on the battlefield). According to Michael Golay, author of To Gettsburg and Beyond, Lieutenant Haskell, a Union aide, remarked that: At the early battles we thought that we had heard heavy cannonading; they were but holiday salutes compared to this. Besides the great ceaseless roar of the guns, which was but the background for the others, a million various minor sounds engaged the ear. The projectiles shriek long and sharp. They hiss, they scream, they growl, they sputter, all sounds of life and rage; and each has its different not, The victory at Bull Run left the Confederate command feeling that the next move was pretty much up to the Yankees of the Union. The Confederates seemed very unprepared and the Union was anxious to make the next move. Although, the Union was quite primed for the next ...
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Araby by James Joyce Essay Example for Free
‘Araby’ by James Joyce Essay What impression of Dublin and its people does James Joyce give in his story ‘Araby’? James Augustine Alrysius Joyce, an Irish writer, was born in Dublin 2nd February 1882 and died in Zurich, Switzerland 13th January 1941. He was born into a well-off Catholic family and was the eldest surviving child; two of his siblings died of typhoid. Joyce was originally educated at Clongowes Wood College, a boarding school in County Kildare, which he left at the age of 6 because his father could no longer pay the fees. James Joyce studied at home for a brief period of time before being offered a place in the Jesuits’ Dublin School. At the age of 16 he rejected Catholicism which changed his life completely. At the age of 20, after graduating from the UDC (University College Dublin) he left for Paris and tried studying different occupations like teaching, journalism and even a doctor. At the age of 21 he returned to Ireland after receiving news that his mother was diagnosed with cancer. After she had died James Joyce became a heavy drinker but gradually stopped as he got over her death. He then stayed in Dublin for a period of time from 1904-1907 writing the â€Å"Dubliners†and also started many other books. The book â€Å"Dubliners†is a collection of short stories and â€Å"Araby†, like all of them, have â€Å"paralysis†meaning that they can’t leave Dublin. For example in the short story â€Å"Clay†Maria has the chance to make a new life and leave Dublin but turns it down because she is too scared. This also occurs in â€Å"A Painful Case†and â€Å"Eveline†, as they don’t have to courage to leave Dublin. In the short story â€Å"The Boarding House†, Bob Doran wishes to leave Dublin but can’t because he is trapped inside marriage. Most of the short stories, unlike â€Å"Araby†, go in circles, for instance, â€Å"Two Gallants†when Lenehan just wanders around Dublin. This also occurs in â€Å"The Dead†because a horse just goes around and around in circles, and also in â€Å"An Encounter†when a pervert tries to stop but end back in the same perverted world. At the end of the short stories James Joyce always write an epiphany, which is a revelation, but in all but one story the revelation is only noticed by the reader but in â€Å"Araby†both the reader and the protagonist – the protagonist is the main character – have an epiphany – an epiphany is a moment of revelation, usually at the end of the story. In the streets of Dublin James Joyce writes them as being â€Å"blind†, meaning that it’s a dead end and there is nothingness, it also means that you can’t escape and there is nowhere to go (there is no way of getting out of Dublin). The main reason is that there is no vision, meaning that you can’t see how terrible and run down Ireland really is. He describes all things by the colours â€Å"brown†and â€Å"yellow†that symbolises human excrements. He writes â€Å"the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns†, the word â€Å"feeble†shows that the light is not even strong enough to even penetrate the darkness. â€Å"Jostled by drunken men and bargaining women†, the word bargaining in this case can mean two things. The first meaning of it is that they are just selling items and changing the prices of them, and the second meaning is that the women are bargaining for their bodies, they are prostitutes. There are â⠂¬Å"street singers†who sing about the problems in Ireland. Also that weather is always extremely violent, and this is shown by the words â€Å"cold air stung us†, â€Å"rain impinge upon the earth†and â€Å"the air was pitilessly raw†. Religion in Dublin is exceedingly poor. In the second paragraph it says â€Å"a priest, had died†showing that the faith in Dublin has disappeared off the face of the earth. Inside the house of the dead priest there were books that were â€Å"curled and damp†meaning that the interest in them was lost. The books were â€Å"The Abbot†which is a religious story, â€Å"The Devout Communicant†which is a book on how to receive Holy Communion well and the last one â€Å"The Memoirs of Vidocq†which is about a thief. The books are muddled up indicating that religion in Ireland is a sham. When it talks about the priest again it first says â€Å"very charitable priest†making you think that the priest was a good man, and suddenly says â€Å"in his will he had left all his money to institutions and the furniture of his house to his sister†presenting the complete opposite. This means that the priest was only charitable went he knew he was dieing and he wasn’t a nice man. In the dead priest’s â€Å"wild garden†there is an apple tree in the centre signifying the Garden of Eden which is a source of evil. In a bush in the garden, there is a â€Å"rusty bicycle-pump†, this can denote three things. The first description of the bicycle-pump is that there is no escape because, if you can’t pump up your tires, then you can’t go anywhere. The second explanation represents the snake, or Satan, in the Garden of Eden because the pump is approximately the same size a snake. The last reason, symbolizes a heart, meaning that, because the heart is not pumping, there is no love or life in Dublin, symbolizing that everything is hopeless. A good part in the story when you know that religion is just a phoney in Dublin is when the boy’s Aunt says â€Å"I’m afraid you may have to put off your bazaar for this night of Our Lord†actually saying that he should just forget about it in a nasty way. Although she I using religious word she is using them without kindness, meaning that she is not caring about him. The family life in Dublin isn’t very pleasant either. In the beginning of the book, the boy says â€Å"if my Uncle was seen turning the corner, we hid in the shadow†indicating that he doesn’t live with his parents, and also that he’s scared of him. On the night of the bazaar his Uncle came home late, â€Å"I heard him talking to himself†meaning he was obviously drunk and had forgotten all about Araby. The love in Dublin is bland. For the boy he loves and stalks â€Å"Mangan’s sister†. She is called thins because he doesn’t actually know her name so he names her â€Å"Mangan’s sister†. He defines her as â€Å"light†because he thinks of Dublin as the dark and Mangan’s sister as a light to brighten up Dublin. When he looks at her â€Å"her dress swung as she moved her body, and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side†, she is describes as lively and everyone else is not. â€Å"Followed her†, or stalking her is the meaning, â€Å"I kept her ‘brown’ figure always in my eye†, â€Å"brown†indicating that she is actually just an ordinary person with nothing special about her. Within one paragraph there are five words â€Å"chalice†, â€Å"prayers†, â€Å"praises†, â€Å"tears†and â€Å"adoration†, he describes her with religious word, and because he left Catholicism she is now his secular religion (one without God). She is also like music to his ears because it says â€Å"my body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers running upon the wires†. Also showing that he uses her in a secular religion is a sentence saying â€Å"I pressed the palms of my hands together until they trembled, murmuring: ‘O love! O love! many times†showing that he worships her a lot. â€Å"At last she spoke to me†, this is the moment he was waiting for the whole time. She then talks about â€Å"Araby†and says she can’t go. While she was talking to him â€Å"she turned a sliver bracelet†, silver indicating bright. In two sentences he uses six words to describe how radiant and bright she is and how drawn he is to her, they are â€Å"light†, â€Å"lamp†, â€Å"white†, â€Å"lit†, â€Å"lit†and â€Å"†white†, repeating â€Å"white†and â€Å"lit†. â€Å"Waking and sleep thoughts†and â€Å"chafed against the work of school†imply that he can’t do anything besides thinking about Araby and Mangan’s sister, and it also says â€Å"I strove to read†hinting the same thing. â€Å"Lie at the window†signals that he stalks and spies on Mangan’s sister, and he is â€Å"singing†because he is happy about getting Mangan’s sister a present. Lastly he has a sexual desire for Mangan’s sister because it says â€Å"border below the dress†suggesting that he is growing quite fast and is into the puberty stage of life. â€Å"Araby†is a fair or, a â€Å"bazaar†– which is a foreign word from the east. In the boy’s eyes, â€Å"Araby†is an exotic place that gets away from all the darkness of Dublin. Also Araby is close to the word Arabia which is in the east signifying that it’s exotic, rich. And because it is in the east it signifies that the sunrise comes from the east, representing a new day, a new hope, a new light. Also Jesus resurrected in the east, epitomizing a new beginning or day. When he eventually arrives to Araby, he goes around the stalls and finds that most of them are closed. There is one that is open but when he sees the people at the stall he discovers they all speak in English accents indicating that the bazaar is not exotic at all. A â€Å"young lady†, who is probably a prostitute, because she is seen flirting with two men at the same time, asks the boy if he wants to buy anything but he says â€Å"no, thank you†. And from this, all of his dreams end because, the items are too expensive and mundane. At the end of the story there is an epiphany, which is the moment of revelation, to both the reader and the protagonist, because usually the epiphany is only recognisable to the reader. On the second from last paragraph at the end it says â€Å"complete darkness†signifying that all hope is gone. The whole of the last paragraph says â€Å"gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger†, this is the exact moment when he realises that all Dublin was in vain and all he did was in vain. He figures out from this that there actually is no love, no romance and no chivalry. ‘Araby’ by James Joyce. (2017, Aug 28). 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Friday, October 18, 2019
Marketing plan continues 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
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Comparing between harvey norman and wesfarmers ( financially) Essay
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Thursday, October 17, 2019
Letter of explanation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Letter of explanation - Essay Example Coming from a family with such strong feelings about learning about languages, my chosen ESOL classes encompassed aspects related to reading, writing, grammar and speech. These classes were attended from basic to advanced levels to achieve a good command over the language. The field of study that has always attained my attention is business administration. I have always found myself inclined towards the study of interesting modes and processes of businesses that make only few of them different than the rest. This interest has evolved into a dream of acquiring a bachelor degree in the field of business administration. Upon my arrival in this country, I was aware of the fact that I would not be able to fulfill my dream of attaining the above stated degree in the absence of fluency in English. Therefore, the fulfillment of my dream to have a bachelor degree also provoked me to attend multiple ESOL classes in the beginning of my college career. After attending ESOL classes, I have sensed a great difference in my academic performance since I am able to comprehend the on-going lectures and class discussions in a better manner. My questions do not remain unanswered since I can frame my queries in a correct manner. Class discussions have gotten more interesting and make me learn many things that cannot be comprehended in isolation. I believe that my time spent in ESOL classes have proved to be an important factor in helping me attain good academic results and experience of a productive college career. Learning a new language does not only facilitate the effective acquisition of education in another country, it also helps the individual in mingling with the prevailing culture and norms of the society. Fluency in the language of the region tends to remove the communication barriers and helps in getting one comfortable with his new surroundings. This kind of psychological aspect has also been facilitated from
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Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Disparity and Discrimination Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
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3-5 minute speech outline (any topic) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
3-5 minute speech outline (any topic) - Essay Example This increases efficiency and saves on time in business transactions (USTR, 2010). In 2007, SMEs contributed $480 billion value of goods and services sold in the foreign market (USTR, 2010). This amounted to approximately 41% of the total exports that year (USTR, 2010). SMES account for nearly 40% of the export related jobs in the US (USTR, 2010). This further shows the importance of SMEs in trade and the economy. There are trade barriers that adversely affect performance of SMES. First, there are discriminatory policies with regards to SMEs. For instance, they may lack the financial resources and expertise to compete in international markets. Second, SMEs are faced by higher taxes as they contribute largely to the manufacturing industry (USTR, 2010). Third, they encounter challenges in standards and certification through licensing and inadequate property protection. In a nutshell, SMEs play a vital role in domestic and foreign trade. The government should therefore review the policies governing them to promote their growth and development for greater benefit of intensified
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Market Model Patterns of Change Essay Example for Free
Market Model Patterns of Change Essay 1. Describe the industry and explain the general pattern of change of the particular market model Health insurance in the United States providers represent competitive market because they are numerous, variety of choices, and no single entity has much power over prices. The health insurance can be considered as rapid growth industry. Recently, this industry is transforming in a rapid way and evolving into an oligopoly. Insurance markets in many states are eventually controlled and dominated by a few large firms. There were more than five hundred health insurers involved mergers between 1998 and 2008 (Bakhtiari, 2010). Although there are hundreds of small insurance companies operating in the market, the industry Led by WellPoint, 12 health plans cover two-thirds of the enrollment in the U.S. commercial-insurance market (Bloomberg News, 2010). An analysts report cited in the article predicts there will be 100 insurers with around 200,000 members could be forced out of business. Smaller insurers are increasingly unable to invest in the infrastructure and technology to effectively manage care (Bakhtiari, 2010). However, mergers have been the main power rather than small insurers going out of business. 2. Hypothesize the basic short-run and long-run behaviors of the model in the industry you have chosen in a â€Å"market economy†This paper uses Kinked-Demand theory of oligopoly; there is no single theory that explains oligopoly behavior. The kinked demand model assumes that if one firm raises the prices, other firms will not follow to increase. If the firm reduces its price, it is assumed that its competitors will follow suit and reduce their prices as well. The result is a demand curve for the firm that is kinked at the current equilibrium price (Low, 2000). Taking this as assumption, a single health insurer that tries to raise price will lose market share mainly just because other insurers are not following, it will suffer a loss in demand because the competitors’ prices remain low. In contract, if a single firm that cuts prices, all of its competitors will follow to reduce the price. As a result, a firm will have a kinked demand curve. Firms may operate at a profit in the short-run if demand for the product is high relative to costs. The firm may force to go out of business if it can’t generate enough revenue to even cover the variable costs. Hence the model predicts that prices in the long run should be fairly rigid in an oligopoly. This could indicate that insurance premiums will remain fairly stable in the health insurance industry. The kinked demand theory suggests there will be price in these markets and the firms will rely more on non-price competition to boost sales, revenue and profits. The result in market share is no gain and relative small increases in quantity demanded (Low, 2000). 3. Analyze at least three (3) possible areas for the industry that could lead to transaction costs, and explain each in detail In the health insurance industry, transaction cost could arise from acquisition expenses, process outsourcing, and increased product complexity.Acquisition is the expense of soliciting and placing new insurance business on a company’s books. It includes agent’s underwriting expenses, medical and credit, report fees, commissions, and marketing support services. The significant efforts are made by insurance companies to lower acquisition costs because of the competition. Outsourcing of processes may become a necessity when firms gather up more and more customers due to mergers, the current workforce will no longer be able to handle jobs. Sometime, hiring more employees could be very costly for some firms because of increasing market salaries; outsourcing could be the better option. Firms will have to pay additional expenses to outsourcing firms that process application and provide customer service. This lead to transaction cost. Transaction costs may also arise from increase product complexity due to firms grow, merge and consolidation. Products become more complex catering to more segments due to gathering more customer; firms increase product lines. Hence, customers will have to incur transaction costs in searching or inquiring for the best product, and in estimating the quality of the service. 4. Speculate about the behavior that could result from these transactions and propose at least two (2) strategies for dealing with them It affects consumers’ behavior for reconsidering the health plan when transaction costs arise from product complexity. Any uncertainty arises from product uncertainty; it refers to the difficulties in determining the quality of purchased products (Thompson, 2004). Consumers are likely to inquire more information if purchased services will meet their expectations before they purchase. Consumers rely on the quality examination that insurance agents or references. This product uncertainty may increase transaction cost. This can be dealt with by reinforcing product quality through advertising about the products and services, meeting with potential customers, and providing training to employees to meet better expectation. When transaction costs arise from enforcement and monitoring, behavioral results are uncertainty. Behavioral uncertainty refers to the inherent difficulties faced by buyers in accurately evaluating the contractual performance of insurance companies (Thompson, 2004). This increases transaction cost as consumers spend more time thinking about buying insurance because the claims may against them or excessive policy. This can be dealt with by ensuring that potential customers understand the nature of the contract. 5. Collect costs, revenue data, or other data from the industry you deem relevant. Explain how you would modify the data in order to make it relevant to decisions a manager must make Base of the data from Austin Hungerford, health insurance markets in many local areas are highly concentrated and the exercise of market power in concentrated markets generally leads to higher prices and reduced output. In the data, medical loss ratios among major insurers range from a low of 70.7% to almost 89%. Some major commercial insurers have had significant decreases in medical expense ratios in the past decade. For example, CIGNA HealthCare’s medical loss ratio, 86.3% in 2001, fell to 70.7% in 2008 (Austin Hungerford, 2009). In general, medical loss ratios can change dramatically from one year to another. This explained by unexpectedly high medical costs or by aggressive pricing intended to increase market share. The above data help managers understand industry characteristics better than an individual. It is relevant to managers by consolidating all of the medical loss ratio, and combining them in an industry average. The managers have a better feel for industry averages and trends. 6. Explain the major factors that affect the degree of competitiveness in your industry. Use the data to develop at least three (3) measures (e.g., productivity measures) to show how the industry is evolving The first factor is the number of firms on the market. If there are large number of firms operate in industry, overall prices will be reduced. The second factor is government regulation which affects the degree of competitiveness of the health insurance industry. The third is government provides health insurance. This can change the entire game plan for health industry. Private firms may be unable to compete against government’s insurance plans. That will affect the overall competitiveness of the industry. These measures to show how the industry is evolving include average prices of health insurance plans, potential buyers, and overall average medical costs. Average price of health insurance will show the industrys evolution by examining patterns of profit growth in relation to health insurance costs. The number of health insurance buyers will help understand the growth patterns in customer base, and demand for health insurance plans. Medical costs will show the relationship between industry growths, inflation of costs, and increase in general medical care.
Monday, October 14, 2019
Illicit Drugs In Australia And Problems Caused Criminology Essay
Illicit Drugs In Australia And Problems Caused Criminology Essay Research by the Australian Institute of Criminology (2004) has outlined the impact of illicit drugs on society. Many people assume there is a direct correlation between drugs and crime and this research undertaken in fact shows that drug use and crime have similar origins. Origins such as poor social support systems, difficultly in school, association with deviant peer groups and lack of access to economic support systems are the main similarities with drug users and criminals. The results of this research have opened our eyes to the direct link and the magnitude of the illicit drug problem. It is not possible to quantify the exact cost of illicit drug use to the Australian community. However, some components can be measured directly, such as government expenditure through the National Illicit Drug Strategy (NDIS), but many of the social costs borne by the community, such as the extra cost of welfare, health and law and order services, can only be estimated. In addition, a number of costs associated with illicit drug use are not quantifiable, such as pain and suffering resulting from a reduced quality of life. Nevertheless a number of studies attempt to quantify some of the costs of drug use, including social costs. Many also examine how these costs compare with the costs of licit drug use in the community (Burton, K 2004). Statistics from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare have discovered that Marijuana/cannabis accounted for 71% of illicit drug arrests in 2004-05. Further, in 2005, one in 10 prisoners was imprisoned for drug-related offences and finally in 2003-04, 88% of juvenile detainees had used an illicit substance 6 months prior to arrest and 70% were intoxicated at the time of offence. The Australian criminal justice system currently has two approaches to the illicit drug (for clarification, the definition of Illicit Drugs means a drug whose production, sale or possession is prohibited) problem. Prohibition and harm minimisation which will be discussed below. In short, the main aim of prohibition of drugs is to implement legislation and laws as a common means of attempting to control drug use. On the other hand we have harm minimisation which includes a range of targeted strategies designed to reduce drug-related harm for particular individuals and communities. It aims to reduce the harmful consequences of drugs when consumption cannot be further reduced. Drug laws have not stopped people using drugs, all it has done is create a multi-million dollar illegal market and fuel criminal acts to support such addictions. However, the economic costs associated with harmful drug use, including prevention, treatment, loss of productivity in the workplace, property crime, theft, accidents and law-enforcement activities, amount to over $18 billion annually (Collins Lapsley 1996). Which proves that the drug prohibition is not effective and another approach needs to be introduced. Prohibition is increasingly regarded as flawed in principle and a resounding failure in practice (Wodak Owens, 1996). When the drug laws in Australia were first introduced they came through prohibition instead of regulation. The argument was, that once something evil was banned, the problem was solved. This was not the case as banning such illegal drugs has only made the productions of same increase and created the role of drug traffickers and an illegal underworld to m ake and distribute such drugs through illegal avenues. As Wodak and Owens stated: Focusing on drug use rather than drug-related harm is like concentrating on a mirage (p. 9) In summary, prohibition has been somewhat successful in raising the health, social and economic costs of drug use. However, each year with technological change, geopolitical developments and the new trade environment make the job of prohibition even harder. On 2 April 1985 Australia officially adopted another view on illegal drugs and this approach was known as harm minimisation. This approach involves supply reduction, demand reduction and harm reduction. Harm minimisation has approached the drug use problem by introducing such schemes as information to drug users about how to safely use drugs and supervised injection rooms for users. Extensive consultation and collaboration between these services and police have been important in their success in reducing the spread of blood borne viruses in the community. Governments do not condone illegal risk behaviours such as injecting drug use: they acknowledge that these behaviours occur and that they have a responsibility to develop and implement public health and law-enforcement measures designed to reduce the harm that such behaviours can cause (Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy 1998:46). Harm minimisation encourages change in our attitudes towards people who use drugs including those who are physically and psychologically dependant on illegal drugs. However, whether this is an effective approach is a common argument. One advantage is the fact that Australia does have the lowest reported rate of HIV infection in the world which is evidence alone that harm minimisation approach can work in the community. Harm minimisation can best be viewed in context of community safety and this is an approach to drug use to help keep people safe when they choose to use drugs. One important policy intervention that has gained increased prominence in recent years is the diversion of drug and drug related (crimes committed while under the influence of drugs) offenders. Aimed at deterring, educating or treating the causes of drug dependence, diversion involves the use of the criminal justice system to provide alternative responses, including referral to drug treatment. The main aim of prohibition of drugs is to implement legislation and laws as a common means of attempting to control drug use. On the other hand harm minimisation recognizes the need to seek a balance between supply reduction (disrupt both the supply of illicit drugs entering Australia and the production and distribution of illicit drugs within Australia), demand reduction (reduce the desire for and preparedness to obtain and use drugs) and harm reduction strategies (reduce the impacts of drug-related harm on individuals and communities). Recently harm minimisation took on another strategy known as a diversionary scheme. In April 2009 the Council of Australian Government (COAG) endorsed the National Illicit Drugs Strategy (NDIS) package, providing over $111,536,000 to create a tough on drugs initiative that gives priority to diverting illicit drug offenders into treatment. Guidelines were created for States and Territories to divert minor illicit drug offenders into assessment, education and treatment at many levels of the criminal justice system. The aim was to reduce the amount of offenders that appear before the court for possession of illicit drugs , provide incentives for minor offenders to address their drug use and increase access to drug education and treatment. This strategy is based on a harm minimisation approach which refers to policies and programs aimed at reducing drug-related harm and protecting the community and users. Dr Woolridge (past Federal Health Minister)1999 has stated that it is clinically pr oven that if you can reach a drug user before the addiction becomes full-blown that you have a better chance of stopping the drug use. Taking this approach statistics have shown that as of July 2007, there were 51 programs that divert drug and drug related offenders: * 69% of programs have been introduced since 2000. * 59% were funded by the Coalition of Australian Governments Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative. * 31% involved police diversion, 22% court diversion, 18% drug court diversion and 29% were mixed. * 33% of programs targeted drug use/possession offence(s), 12% drug related offence(s) and 55% any offence(s). * 45% of programs targeted adults, 27.5% youth and 27.5% mixed. * 49% resulted in assessment and compulsory treatment, 17% assessment and voluntary treatment, 9% cautions and referrals to education sessions, 20% warning/formal caution/family group conference, and 8% a fine or optional attendance at an education session (Hughes Ritter 2008) To date each state and territory has created and implemented their own diversionary and harm minimisation measures to tackle the illicit drug problems. Each state and territory have varying programs which may be somewhat different to each of the other states. Some programs may be easier to access, others may only cater for a specific group (ie indigenous people or juveniles). However, they all have the same major programs available as outlined below. According to the Australian Institute of Criminology there are 5 types of drug-diversionary programs currently in use across Australia. Within each of these areas of criminal justice there are a number of diversionary programs available. These initiatives can be divided into groups, depending on their position along the criminal justice continuum. Starting with the pre-arrest phase the most important diversionary measures is police discretion where officers can detect the offence but not lay charges and provide further information to the offender about how to manage and drug problems and refer them in the right direction. Other measures in place are infringement notices, informal warnings, formal caution and caution plus intervention (where counseling/information sessions must be attended). Police drug diversion -at the front end are the various police based drug diversion programs offer drug education and assessment for those individuals with minor possession offences relating to ca nnabis or other illicit substances. Next step on the criminal justice continuum is the Pre-trial stage where a charge is made but before the matter is heard at court. Here we have options like treatment as a bail condition, conferencing or prosecutor discretion (where treatment is offered as an alternative to proceeding with prosecution). These programs are at court level and are primarily bail-based programs to provide assessment and short term treatment options for less serious offenders who criminal behaviour is related to their illicit drug use. The next stage is Pre-sentence which is after conviction but before sentencing, this stage includes such measures as delay of sentence where offender may be assessed or treated. Post-conviction/sentence includes the process of sentencing. Diversionary measures can include suspended sentences requiring complying with conditions such as treatment, avoidance of drugs and specific peer groups. At this stage offenders can also be referred to the Drug Courts which are judicially supervised and enforced treatment programs which offer long-term initiative treatment for offenders who drug dependency is a key contributor to their offending. The final stage where diversionary measures can be utlised is in the Pre-release stage which is prior to the release from goal on parole. Options here include transfers to drug treatment programs or early release to attend a supervised treatment program. Even though the diversionary programs vary between jurisdictions, for example, in some states police can only caution first time offenders or juveniles and in other jurisdictions diversion is available for any offender caught with drugs, irrespective of age or criminal history. According to the National Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative (IDDI) the findings were generally very positive. Across all jurisdictions , the majority of people who were referred into the IDDI program did not reoffend in the 12 to 18 month period after their diversion. In most cases, those that did reoffend did so only once during this time. (Payne et al, 2008). The cost of the various police diversion programs is significant. However, if these initiatives are achieving such their objectives, such costs should be more than offset by the benefits of accruing to the community through a reduction of illicit drug use and related offending and reduced case loads for the criminal justice system. There has been only one study (Baker Goh 2004) that has examined the cost-effectiveness of diversion. The results demonstrated positive results in savings to the criminal justice system. In the first three years of operation it was estimated that over 18,000 police hours were saved as a result of not having to charge offenders at the time of detection, prepare matters for court and attend subsequent hearings. Baker and Goh also calculated that the scheme resulted in total savings of well over $1million dollars during the first 3 years of operation. In the years following the development of the IDDI, researchers (most notably the Alcohol and Other Drugs Council of Australia, ADCA), outlined the benefits of and challenges to expanding the drug diversion and harm minimisation approach. Over coming the political perception that drug diversion was a soft option (Hughes, C 2007). While the Tough on Drugs Diversion Initiative was seen by policy makers as heralding a more humane response and more harm minimisation approach, the expression and framing of the program was that this was not the case. As John Howard said: in no way does it [drug diversion] retreat from our Tough on Drugs philosophy, our zero tolerance approach. So the point that the Government are portraying is that illicit drug use is still against the law however, if someone has psychological, health and social problems, you dont belong in jail. If the problem is drug use, than that problem must be tackled in order to decrease the social impacts of illicit drug use and to prevent a new generation of drug-users committing drug related crime (Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, 2004). One of the positive outcomes of the harm minimisation/drug diversion initiatives is that is has now encouraged the collaboration of health and law enforcement services. Which were once two very separate divisions have combined forces to tackle the issue of illicit drug use and have broken down the barriers that once segregated the divisions as traditionally the health and justice systems have had little to do with each other with no referral pathway between them. Diversion programs are gradually changing this (Tresidder, J 2003). In conclusion after observing that the prohibition of drugs has not made any significant impact on the use of illicit drugs in society the harm minimisation approach was initiated. This approach was further developed and the drug diversion scheme was created to target the problem in return for long term solutions to protect the drug users and community from each other. Research has shown that this has been successful to some degree however it has come across as somewhat contradictory to the tough on drugs campaign that is portrayed in the media. There is many mixed messages being sent and portrayed about the approach to illicit drugs in the criminal justice system. To date the drug diversionary programs has been the only approach to illicit drugs that has made any headway and molded around the existing drug problems. It is a policy that is designed to reflect the variety of problems that drugs can cause and by treating the cause is the only way to tackle the problem.
Sunday, October 13, 2019
How Raphael Personifies The Renaissance Essay -- essays research paper
Thesis Statement In my research, I have seen how Raphael individually personifies what the High Renaissance encircles. I.     Early Life      A.     Childhood      B.     Family      C.     Father as court painter                                   D.     Study in Perugia. II.     Florentine Period      A.     Study under Leonardo da Vinci      B.     Works that he did while in Florence.      C.     Interaction with Michelangelo and other artists. III.     Roman Period      A.     Worked for Pope Julius II in Rome.      B.     Worked for Pope Leo X in Rome as well.      C.     Worked on many papal buildings. IV.      Humanist      A.     Final Works.      B.     Feelings for nature and people. While we may term other works paintings. Those of Raphael are living things; the flesh palpitates, the breath comes and goes, every organ lives, life pulses everywhere (Vasari, Web Museum 1)      On April 6, 1483, in Urbino, Italy, a man of a new age came into the world, Raphael Sanzio. Starting in his most formable years, art and poetry came into his life by way of his father Giovanni, a court painter to the Duke of Urbino. Giovanni, the first actual master of Raphael, taught him about the arts and all of the components of painting. For the first ten years of his life his father influenced his feelings on the arts. In 1494, he traveled to Perugia to study under Peitro Perugino. Just as his father influenced his early life, his study in Perugia shaped his adolescence and ... ...ay; his works seem too perfect, too faultless for our slipshod age. Yet these great icons of human beauty can never fail to stir us: his Vatican murals can stand fearlessly beside the Sistine ceiling. The School of Athens, for example, monumentally immortalizing the great philosophers, is unrivaled in its classic grace. Raphael’s huge influence on successive artists is all the more impressive considering his short life (Web Museum 4).      The life of Raphael Sanzio stands alone in the spotlight; just as his masterpieces single him out in the world of art. Works Cited Cook, Richard, and de Vecchi. The Complete Works of Raphael. New York:      Harry Abrams, Inc. Publishers, 1966. Fischel, Oskar. Raphael. London: Spring Books, 1964. Web Museum. Paris. “Raphael.'; June 11, 1996, 1-4. World Book Encyclopedia, Chicago. “Raphael.'; The World Book Encyclopedia.      Chicago: World Book Inc., 1996. Jantzen, S., Krieger, M., and Neill, K. World History: Perspectives on the Past.      Lexington, Massachusetts: D. C. Heath and Comapany, 1992.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Knights and Thier Role In Medieval Society Essay -- European History
Knights and their role in medieval society. Knights were an integral part of medieval society. They originally began with primitive warriors such as the Mongols who fought on horseback for added speed and power, but quickly advanced to chivalrous gentleman such as the Normans. Much has been written about medieval knights with the most famous being a series of legends about King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Arthur and his knights were the ultimate example of what a perfect knight should have been. They were brave and skilful in battle, but merciful to their enemies once vanquished. They were courteous to ladies, and never ate or drank to excess. Knights associated in groups which they called orders. They vowed loyalty to the king they fought under and formed military org...
Friday, October 11, 2019
Consumer Perception on Hero Moto Corp
A Study on consumer perception towards HERO MotoCorp bikes and after sales services provided in Chennai city A Project proposal (Submitted by R. Sethuraman, Roll No: 0906MBA0547: Reg No: 68210250011) 1. 1 PRIMARY OBJECTIVES * To analyze consumer perception towards Hero Honda motor bikes * To get feed back on what consumer expects from Hero Honda * To analyze consumer perception towards services offered by Hero Honda and performance of the motor cycle. 1. 2 SECONDARY OBJECTIVES To analyze the buying ratio of the various products by customer and to identify the top rated products/bikes and which of the service satisfies them. * To identify the various features of bikes those are expected by most of the customers while buying the two wheelers. * To get the statistics on satisfaction ratio of the customers on the hero Honda products and services who owns hero Honda bikes. 1. 3 NEED OF THE STUDY Nowadays two wheelers become very important thing which is very convenient vehicle in highl y traffic cities like Chennai.So many leading companies are there in this field like tvs, bajaj, yamaha, and etc, but Hero Honda / Hero moto corp is one of the most successful enterprise for past 25 years. The study describes how this concern is differing from other providers and why people go for it. Also it brings the various statistic results on the buying ratio. 1. 4 FRAME WORK OF DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS Data analysis is seen to be series of distinct action: * Formulate data analysis goals. * State assumption about data measurement * Specify the hypothesis Choose the appropriate statistical test * Determine the significant level and decision rules. * Calculate the test statistics * Observe the critical value of the test statistics from the statistical table. * Draw necessary inferences. 1. 5 DELIVERABLES: * The study helps to understand the level of awareness and perception of the customers towards Hero Honda bikes. * It also provides the information related to the source of awarene ss and the factors that influence the customer decision making, which is very useful for the Hero motocorp to capture the market.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Abuse in the Novel Beloved Essay
Many of the characters from the novel Beloved suffered extreme abuse. Sethe, an independent mother, was no exception to the abuse. Sethe survived through many different accounts of mistreatment. The school teacher’s nephews made Sethe suffer the cruelest oppression. They held her down against her will, while she was pregnant, and brutally stole the milk that her body was producing for her child. This is the worst pain for Sethe because, besides the obvious obtrusions, she feared she would not be able to provide for her baby after it was born. A mother’s worst fear is being unable to provide for her children and this is the fear they instilled in her. This was not the end of the violence toward Sethe from these[insert a word that means a group of abusers here]. When the school teacher founds out that Sethe tells of the mistreatment she suffered because of his nephews he orders them to whip her. Sethe is brutally beaten by this group of young men. The result of the merciless beaten is a form of large scars that shape a tree on Sethe’s back. The tree may be a symbol of a family tree, and in Sethe’s case an incomplete family tree. Sethe’s family tree is incomplete because she killed her daughter, Beloved. The ghost of Sethe’s murdered daughter, Beloved, haunts the house where Sethe and the rest of her family live. The ghost torments them enough to drives away Sethe’s two sons, Howard and Buglar. Sethe undergoes torment from almost every possible angle but she refuses to run away any more.
Wednesday, October 9, 2019
Was the Treaty of Versailles Fair?
Was the treaty of Versailles fair? The treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 after the World War one. It was actually a punishment of Germany to start the war and forced it to accept all the blame. The involved requirements were seen to be very harsh. Many arguments were made on the treaty, and the most common question was that whether the treaty of Versailles fair. In my opinion, I am quite agreeing with the decision. Firstly, there is no fair in warfare. Defeat powers should obey the victors’ orders unconditionally, no excuse, and no complaint, just accepting the lost.Secondly, the treaty of Versailles was made by the â€Å" Big Three†, they were Woodrow Wilson from America, Lloyd George from Britain and Clemenceau from French. The terms in the treaty were put up by those three ideas. Their different attitudes and opinions were restricting the others. Nobody would be completely satisfied and also no one could make it extremely harsh or kind. Thirdly, relating the co st of the war. This is also the most important point of my view. In World War 1, numbers of villages and towns were destroyed.The economy and industry in Europe collapsed. From every nation who took part in there barely was a family who hadn't lost a member, nearly 35 million casualties, including a large amount of death of innocent people. How could Germany and her allies pay for this? The treaty of Versailles was deserved. In the treaty, Germany was asked to pay a huge amount of reparations, up to 6600 millions. Some people thought it was very unreasonable. At the time, it was impossible for Germany, but it was not given a time limit.Germany can rebuild the economy step by step till finally being able to pay off the compensation payment. Germen were also very angry about the arrangement of the territories. As a defeated country, there was no doubt Germany need to give back all the colonies, and be planed just as it did to the other country before. In conclusion, I think the Treaty of Versailles was fair enough. The aim of it was to weaken the German power and ensure there was no any more war, nevertheless Germany regained the power in 20 years, rebuilt the industry and military.Germany recovered very fast from the lost. However, they did not cherisher the achievement, launched another worldwide war, which was larger and more disastrous instead. the fact strong proved that the treaty had pushed Germany too hard, otherwise they should not be able to start the war. Moreover, compared to the treaties they made to Russia, the treaty of Brest-Litvosk, which was much more horrible, and the huge cost of the World War 1, Germany was fairly lucky.
Tuesday, October 8, 2019
Media policy in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Media policy in Europe - Essay Example During the war in Rome, it got affected by monetary crisis that led by the war led to hoarding of money, by the idle money being taken out of circulation, which caused price deflation in commodities as well as land values. Repayment of Rome loans from Asia got threatened thus causing creditors in Rome to experience a liquidity crisis as well as, trouble in repaying their loans while others were bankrupt. Basing on the acknowledged advantages of society, opinionated also cultural pluralism, multiplicity, as well as, variety in the media can be the enviable trimmings in themselves. Hardt and Antonio (2002) states that the constitutive imprecision of pluralism as a communal assessment that provides a suitable ideological suppleness in a manner that it is capable of suggestive of intransigent issues in one phase of the contest also progressive issues in the subsequent issue. Correspondingly, in the media policy the affirmative significance of pluralism together with the diversity that ha s been subjugated in point of view for variety, as well as, unsuited agendas serves at no cost contest to the public check obligations (Kofman & Gillian, 2003). The definitional along with the discursive authority flocks around the borders of opinionated debates, and also portray in the techniques of the media guiding principle in the European Union. At the same time, as the European congress time after time try to uphold the agenda of media pluralism towards the commission’s ideas to plan on a political, as well as, the cultural definitions being repeated due to the failure of the industry groups and the commission. Media union has been established to become a broad technology that involves internet; this has been intermingled with the old media such as television. This technological development transcends to the societal, intellectual, financial, as well as, industrial reforms. This union only occurs in numerous channels; nevertheless the most important idea is based on the union of the types of media knowledge in the public furthermore within the media industry surroundings (Mann 1970). Commonly, the thought of a fresh media an example being computers disagreeing with the old media an example being a television, as well as, a print media. Away from each other, the technical union and the study examine the manner audiences may be associated and understand some of these technologies. This type of union is defined as the cultural associations contained by the media (Maloutas & Pantelidou 2004). One may identify the four scopes by which media techniques in Europe can be compared through the formulation of media markets, amid exacting prominence on the powerful or even non powerful formulation of an accumulation distribution force down. The opinionated exactness within three scales, as well as, the personality of the relations between media associated with political parties or even more widely to the extent to which the media system portrays the fundament al political separations in society culture. The establishment and formulation of journalistic expertise, degree, as well as, the nature of the governing interaction in the media system (Sarikakis 2004). The dissimilarity in newspaper readership between the Northern and Southern Europe may be recognized, it is possible to associate these dissimilarities to the pop up of the emergence of
Monday, October 7, 2019
Unemployment and Labor Force Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Unemployment and Labor Force - Essay Example According to the economist Edmond Malinvaud, the type of unemployment that prevails at a particular time depends on the situation at the goods market. If the goods market is a buyers’ market in which sales are restricted by demand then Keynesian type of unemployment prevails, while if a production capacity is limited classical unemployment prevails. Common types of unemployment are as follows:1. Frictional Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when a person switches from one job to another. While the person looks for another job he experiences frictional unemployment. This unemployment also applies to fresh graduates who look for jobs. It is a productive part of the economy as it increases worker’s economic efficiency and his long term welfare. This type of unemployment usually occurs due to incorrect information in the labor market due to which workers do not know what type of job they are getting hired for and hence they look for getting a new job. 2. C lassical Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when real wages for available jobs are set above the market clearing level. This usually happens due to government intervention when government sets a minimum wage for a job. Even taboos especially taboos can sometimes cause wages to be set above the market clearing level (America’s Great Depression p45).3. Structural Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs due to mismatch between employment offered by employers and those seeking jobs.... Common types of unemployment are as follows: 1. Frictional Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when a person switches from one job to another. While the person looks for another job he experiences frictional unemployment. This unemployment also applies to fresh graduates who look for jobs. It is a productive part of the economy as it increases worker's economic efficiency and his long term welfare. This type of unemployment usually occurs due to incorrect information in the labor market due to which workers do not know what type of job they are getting hired for and hence they look for getting a new job. 2. Classical Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when real wages for available jobs are set above the market clearing level. This usually happens due to government intervention when government sets a minimum wage for a job. Even taboos especially taboos can sometimes cause wages to be set above the market clearing level (America's Great Depression p45). 3. Structural Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs due to mismatch between employment offered by employers and those seeking jobs. It may occur due to geographical location or skill of workers or because of many other reasons. If structural unemployment occurs, frictional unemployment becomes significant as well. 4. Keynesian Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when there is insufficient demand in the economy. It occurs when there is a business cycle recession in the economy and wages of jobs do not fall to meet the equilibrium rate. An economy with high unemployment rate is an economy which is not using its entire available labor source which reduces its efficiency. If all the frictionally unemployed in this economy accept the first available job to them, then they
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